Politik Tata Ruang Pesisir dan Resiliensi Hukum Adat: Studi Kasus Kelembagaan Bendega dalam Pusaran Pembangunan Pariwisata Bali

Abstract

Bendega is a traditional coastal institution in Bali, grounded in the Tri Hita Karana philosophy, and it plays a crucial role in marine resource governance. Despite gaining formal legitimacy through Bali Provincial Regulation No. 11 of 2017, this institution faces serious challenges in the form of tourism expansion, environmental degradation, climate change, and weak policy implementation at the local level. This research employs a qualitative approach that includes a literature review and analysis based on the methods of Miles & Huberman, utilizing data from publications, reports, and case studies conducted in Tuban, Serangan, Jimbaran, Buleleng, and Nusa Dua. The study findings indicate that Bendega holds a fundamental position equivalent to Subak in the agrarian system, with functions extending beyond the economic to religious and socio-cultural dimensions. However, its existence is vulnerable to conflicts of interest with the tourism sector, marine pollution, and other ecological pressures that erode the socio-economic basis of fishermen. On the other hand, adaptive innovations such as ecotourism, mangrove rehabilitation, seahorse cultivation, and processed seafood products have emerged, strengthening community resilience. The research conclusion confirms that the sustainability of Bendega depends on strengthened policy implementation, integration of customary and state law, and economic diversification based on local wisdom that aligns with the principles of socio-ecological sustainability.

Bendega adalah kelembagaan tradisional pesisir Bali yang berlandaskan filosofi Tri Hita Karana dan berperan penting dalam tata kelola sumber daya laut. Meskipun telah memperoleh legitimasi formal melalui Peraturan Daerah Provinsi Bali Nomor 11 Tahun 2017, kelembagaan ini menghadapi tantangan serius berupa ekspansi pariwisata, degradasi lingkungan, perubahan iklim, serta lemahnya implementasi kebijakan di tingkat lokal. Penelitian ini memakai pendekatan kualitatif melalui literature review dan analisis Miles & Huberman, dengan data dari publikasi, laporan, dan studi kasus di Tuban, Serangan, Jimbaran, Buleleng, dan Nusa Dua. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa Bendega memiliki posisi fundamental setara dengan Subak dalam sistem agraria, dengan fungsi yang melampaui aspek ekonomi menuju dimensi religius dan sosio-kultural. Namun, keberadaannya rentan terhadap konflik kepentingan dengan sektor pariwisata, pencemaran laut, dan tekanan ekologis lain yang mengikis basis sosial ekonomi nelayan. Di sisi lain, muncul inovasi adaptif seperti ekowisata, rehabilitasi mangrove, budidaya kuda laut, dan produk olahan hasil laut yang memperkuat resiliensi komunitas. Simpulan penelitian menegaskan bahwa keberlanjutan Bendega bergantung pada penguatan implementasi kebijakan, integrasi hukum adat dan hukum negara, serta diversifikasi ekonomi berbasis kearifan lokal yang selaras dengan prinsip keberlanjutan sosial-ekologis.